Abstract Ruthenium (Ru), a critical member of the platinum group metals (PGMs), exhibits unique advantages in catalysis, electronics, and high-temperature materials, including: However, its limitations include: Future demand will be driven by Ru’s potential in hydrogen energy catalysts (e.g., HER) and ultra-high-density storage media. 1. Comparative…
Abstract Rhodium (Rh), a critical member of the platinum group metals (PGMs), is an ideal material for extreme environments due to its high melting point (1964°C) and density (12.41 g/cm³). These properties stem from its face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal structure and strong metallic bonding derived…
Abstract Rhenium (Re), a high-melting-point rare metal, is primarily recovered from byproducts of copper-molybdenum smelting, flue dust, and spent catalysts. Industrial production relies on hydrometallurgical processes, including: Additional pyrometallurgical roasting activation is often employed for pre-treatment. High-purity rhenium (≥99.99%) is obtained via hydrogen reduction or…
Abstract Gallium’s core advantages in the semiconductor industry stem from the unique physical properties of its compounds—such as gallium arsenide (GaAs) and gallium nitride (GaN)—including high electron mobility, wide bandgap structures, and high-temperature stability. China’s leadership in gallium refining and recycling technologies provides critical support to…
Abstract Hafnium (Hf) and zirconium (Zr), both Group IVB transition metals, share similar chemical properties. However, hafnium’s thermal neutron capture cross-section is significantly higher than zirconium’s (~600 times), leading to distinct roles in nuclear applications. These elements coexist in nature, primarily…
