Abstract Economies of scale in gallium (Ga) recovery can be realized through centralized raw material processing, integrated process optimization, and synergistic extraction of by-products. Large-scale recovery plants (annual throughput ≥500 tons of Ga-containing waste) can reduce unit costs to below…
Abstract The recovery of germanium (Ge) from discarded optical fiber materials significantly reduces the risk of heavy metal pollution while enhancing resource recycling efficiency. Typical case studies include: (1) Hydrometallurgical processes (hydrochloric acid leaching followed by distillation purification) achieving Ge…
Abstract The current demand for indium is primarily concentrated in three major sectors: flat panel displays (ITO targets accounting for 75%), semiconductors (compound semiconductors accounting for 12%), and photovoltaic cells (CIGS thin-film cells accounting for 8%). Over the next five…
Abstract The densification level of indium tin oxide (ITO) targets (≥99% theoretical density) significantly influences the uniformity and electrical conductivity of sputtered films. High-density targets (7.1–7.2 g/cm³) reduce particle spattering during sputtering, improving film thickness uniformity (±3%) by 2.7 times…
Abstract Comparative wear resistance tests of plasma-sprayed rhenium (Re) and tungsten carbide (WC) coatings reveal significant performance differences. Under dry sliding conditions with a 100 N load and 200 rpm rotational speed, the WC coating exhibits a wear rate of…
