Current Market Demand for Indium: Key Industries and Future Demand Forecast in Emerging Technologies such as Semiconductors and Solar Cells

Abstract The current demand for indium is primarily concentrated in three major sectors: flat panel displays (ITO targets accounting for 75%), semiconductors (compound semiconductors accounting for 12%), and photovoltaic cells (CIGS thin-film cells accounting for 8%). Over the next five…

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Effect of ITO Target Density (e.g., ≥99% Theoretical Density) on Film Uniformity and Conductivity, and Methods for Assessing Its Densification

Abstract The densification level of indium tin oxide (ITO) targets (≥99% theoretical density) significantly influences the uniformity and electrical conductivity of sputtered films. High-density targets (7.1–7.2 g/cm³) reduce particle spattering during sputtering, improving film thickness uniformity (±3%) by 2.7 times…

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How to Achieve Environmentally Friendly Treatment and Energy Utilization in Tin Recovery through Bioleaching Technology?

Abstract Bioleaching technology employs the metabolic activities of microorganisms such as Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Sulfobacillus thermotolerans to selectively leach tin from tin ores or wastes, combining environmental protection with low energy consumption. Under conditions of pH 1.5–2.0 and 35–45°C, the…

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铜铟镓硒(CIGS)薄膜中铟用量减少50%的技术可行性?

摘要 铜铟镓硒(CIGS)薄膜太阳能电池中铟的稀缺性与高成本是制约其大规模应用的主要瓶颈。通过组分优化(如提高镓 μm)及新型结构设计(梯度能带、纳米点掺杂),可将铟用量降低50%以上,同时保持光电转换效率>18%。关键技术包括精确控制元素分布、界面钝化及载流子传输优化。尽管存在工艺复杂度增加与长期稳定性挑战,材料创新与工艺升级为CIGS薄膜的铟资源节约提供了可行路径。 正文 一、CIGS薄膜中铟资源问题的紧迫性 (一)铟的供需矛盾 1.资源稀缺性: 铟的地壳丰度仅0.1 ppm,全球年产量约900吨,其中70%用于ITO靶材,光伏领域需求占比约15%。 每GW CIGS电池需铟20-30吨,若全球年新增100 GW产能,铟需求将远超当前供应极限。 2.价格波动风险: 铟价从2016年的200美元 (二)技术替代压力 1.晶硅电池的成本优势: 多晶硅价格降至10美元/kg以下,晶硅组件效率>22%,挤压CIGS市场空间。 2.薄膜技术内部竞争: 碲化镉(CdTe)电池无铟依赖,已实现25.5 GW年产能(CIGS仅2 GW)。 二、铟用量减少的核心技术路径 (一)组分工程:镓部分替代铟 1.Ga/(In+Ga)比例提升: 传统CIGS中Ga占比约30%(Ga/(In+Ga)=0.3),提高至60%可减少铟用量50%,但需解决以下问题: 带隙拓宽:Ga增加使带隙从1.0 eV升至1.3 eV,需通过梯度掺杂(表面高Ga、底层低Ga)平衡光吸收与载流子分离。 相分离抑制:采用共蒸发法(衬底温度500-550℃)而非硒化法,减少Ga-In偏析。 2.实验验证: 德国ZSW研究所通过Ga/(In+Ga)=0.6的组分设计,将铟用量降至10 mg (二)厚度优化:从2.5 μm到1.0 μm 1.光捕获增强技术: 引入纳米绒面结构(表面粗糙度<50 nm)与背反射层(Al₂O₃ μm厚CIGS的光吸收率媲美传统2.5 μm薄膜。…

Read More铜铟镓硒(CIGS)薄膜中铟用量减少50%的技术可行性?
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