Abstract High-purity germanium is an indispensable material in the semiconductor industry, commonly available in purity grades of 5N (99.999%) and 6N (99.9999%). The primary purification technologies include zone refining and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). These methods ensure the high purity…
Abstract Indium is a soft metal with a low melting point that finds specific applications in battery manufacturing. Its primary uses include lithium-ion batteries and thin-film solar cells. As an alloying material in lithium-ion batteries, indium helps improve energy density…
Abstract Iridium (Ir) is a transition metal with an extremely high density and a silvery-white luster, renowned for its exceptionally high melting point and corrosion resistance. Owing to its chemical stability and excellent corrosion resistance under acidic conditions, iridium is…
Abstract Tin (Sn) is a silvery-white metal widely used in industry and daily life due to its excellent ductility and corrosion resistance. With a relatively low melting point of about 232°C, tin is easily formable and represents a typical flexible…
Abstract Selenium (Se) is a nonmetallic element exhibiting diverse chemical properties, with widespread applications in industry, electronics, and biology. Its common oxidation states include -2, 0, and +4, with the +4 state frequently occurring in selenium dioxide (SeO₂). Selenium forms…
