Abstract The environmental advantages of indium recycling primarily lie in reducing pressure on resource extraction, lowering energy consumption, and promoting a circular economy. Recovering indium from waste electronic products, such as ITO (indium tin oxide) targets, significantly decreases environmental pollution…

Abstract Tin is an important metal with favorable physical and chemical properties, widely applied across multiple industrial sectors. Its primary uses include the manufacture of alloy materials such as bronze and solder, extensively employed in electronic packaging and welding. Tin…

Abstract Selenium is an important chemical element widely utilized across various industrial sectors. Its primary applications include photosensitive materials in the electronics and electrical industries, decolorizing agents in glass manufacturing, and additives in the metallurgical industry. Selenium is also employed…

Abstract The extraction and separation processes of terbium play a vital role in the processing of rare earth resources and are widely applied in high-tech fields. Common methods include pyrometallurgical processes, hydrometallurgical techniques, and solvent extraction separation technologies. Hydrometallurgy, as…

Abstract The smelting process of praseodymium-neodymium (Pr-Nd) metals holds a significant position in the rare earth industry, primarily applied in the production of high-performance permanent magnet materials. The key technical indicators include raw material purity, reduction reaction temperature, reaction time,…